Rust Traits Syntax

Definition

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
    pub trait Summary {
        fn summarize(&self) -> String;
    }
}

Implementation

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
    pub trait Summary {
        fn summarize(&self) -> String;
    }
 
    pub struct NewsArticle {
        pub headline: String,
        pub location: String,
        pub author: String,
        pub content: String,
    }
 
    impl Summary for NewsArticle {
        fn summarize(&self) -> String {
            format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)
        }
    }
 
    pub struct Tweet {
        pub username: String,
        pub content: String,
        pub reply: bool,
        pub retweet: bool,
    }
 
    impl Summary for Tweet {
        fn summarize(&self) -> String {
            format!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)
        }
    }
}

Default Implementations

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
    pub trait Summary {
        fn summarize(&self) -> String {
            String::from("(Read more...)")
        }
    }
 
    pub struct NewsArticle {
        pub headline: String,
        pub location: String,
        pub author: String,
        pub content: String,
    }
 
    impl Summary for NewsArticle {}
 
    pub struct Tweet {
        pub username: String,
        pub content: String,
        pub reply: bool,
        pub retweet: bool,
    }
 
    impl Summary for Tweet {
        fn summarize(&self) -> String {
            format!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)
        }
    }
}

Traits as Parameters

pub trait Summary {
    fn summarize(&self) -> String;
}
 
pub struct NewsArticle {
    pub headline: String,
    pub location: String,
    pub author: String,
    pub content: String,
}
 
impl Summary for NewsArticle {
    fn summarize(&self) -> String {
        format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)
    }
}
 
pub struct Tweet {
    pub username: String,
    pub content: String,
    pub reply: bool,
    pub retweet: bool,
}
 
impl Summary for Tweet {
    fn summarize(&self) -> String {
        format!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)
    }
}
 
pub fn notify(item: &impl Summary) {
    println!("Breaking news! {}", item.summarize());
}

Specifying Multiple Trait Bounds

pub fn notify(item: &(impl Summary + Display)) {

This also works on generic types:

pub fn notify<T: Summary + Display>(item: &T) {

Clearer Trait Bounds

fn some_function<T: Display + Clone, U: Clone + Debug>(t: &T, u: &U) -> i32 {

is the same as

fn some_function<T, U>(t: &T, u: &U) -> i32
    where T: Display + Clone,
          U: Clone + Debug
{

Return Types that Implement Traits

pub trait Summary {
    fn summarize(&self) -> String;
}
 
pub struct NewsArticle {
    pub headline: String,
    pub location: String,
    pub author: String,
    pub content: String,
}
 
impl Summary for NewsArticle {
    fn summarize(&self) -> String {
        format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)
    }
}
 
pub struct Tweet {
    pub username: String,
    pub content: String,
    pub reply: bool,
    pub retweet: bool,
}
 
impl Summary for Tweet {
    fn summarize(&self) -> String {
        format!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)
    }
}
 
fn returns_summarizable() -> impl Summary {
    Tweet {
        username: String::from("horse_ebooks"),
        content: String::from(
            "of course, as you probably already know, people",
        ),
        reply: false,
        retweet: false,
    }
}